Tor was prolific in his writing as well as being an excellent narrator, and some of his letters will be transcribed and translated here.
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"...wegen des russischen Fesselballons musste der Verwundete verschiedene Kilometer getragen werden..."
In his letter of July 1, 1916, Tor Kiefer tells his family of the events of his birthday in the previous week. It has been a fairly eventful day, although Tor had his work as a doctor at the Eastern Front cut out for him and only realized after he had finished work for the day that his birthday was over.
"The celebrated birthday started with my rude awakening at 4 in the morning, to be brought to one of the wounded", Tor writes. "I was immediately annoyed by several things all at once, including the fact that the ambulance could not be driven due to the Russian captive balloon and so the wounded man thus had to be carried for several kilometers. On the way back to my dugout I had to figure out that I was now 27 years old, as you had not mentioned it in your letters."
[Captive balloons were used for observation purposes and to direct the fire of the guns].
Tor continues, "Straight after breakfast, somebody dug out a Russian hand grenade detonator from somewhere and decided to try it out, whereby he lost 3 fingers and injured several of his comrades. At midday I took a brisk walk to our sickbay, which is 5 km back in the forest, and ended up in a heavy thunderstorm. Tired, I lay down for a bit of peace and was wrenched from the first slumber by another wounded man. I didn't notice that my birthday was over until I stopped work; I lay down again, but not without noticing how lively the infantry fire was, it sounded like a battle. But I wasn't disturbed any more and thus started my new year in a very pleasant manner. It's now been raining again for several days; which means that the firing has cooled down a bit. However, as soon as proper weather returns, there'll be firing all day long, so that wounded will arrive regularly".
He concludes, "At the moment, my life is quite pleasant; a new dugout is being built for me - spacious and shellproof. There's very little to do, I've almost given up my medical activity. Signing a few things is the most strenuous part of my work. But in the interest of the troops, I wish that it will not become more".
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"Unsanft um 4 Uhr morgens geweckt und zu einem Verwundeten geholt, begann der berühmte Geburtstag. Ich ärgerte mich gleich über allerlei unter anderem, dass der Wagen wegen des russischen Fesselballons nicht fahren durfte und dass der Verwundete deshalb verschiedene Kilometer getragen werden musste. Auf dem Rückweg zu meinem Unterstand musste ich dann ausrechnen, dass ich 27 Jahre alt geworden bin, indem Ihr es in den Briefen nicht erwähnt habt.
"Gleich nach dem Frühstück hat dann einer einen russischen Handgranatzünder irgendwo ausgegraben und probiert, wobei er 3 Finger verlor und mehrere Kameraden schädigte. Mittags machte ich einen strammen Marsch zu unseren Krankenstuben, die 5 km zurück im Wald liegen, und kam in ein ebenso strammes Gewitter. Müde legte ich mich zur Ruhe wieder und wurde noch vor 12 Uhr wieder durch einen Verwundeten aus dem ersten Schlummer gerissen. Bei der Arbeit merkte ich gar nicht, dass mein Geburtstag zu Ende gegangen war; ich legte mich also wieder nieder, nicht ohne mich vorher gewundert zu haben, wie lebhaft das Infanteriefeuer sei, dass sich wie ein Gefecht anhörte. Aber ich wurde nicht mehr gestört und habe also das neue Jahr ganz angenehm angefangen. Jetzt regnet's schon wieder verschiedene Tage; die Feuertätigkeit hat daher etwas nach gelassen. Sowie aber richtiges Wetter kommt, ist den ganzen Tag ein Geknalle, dass es fast regelmässig Verwundete gibt".
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"...nach 5-tägiger Artillerievorbereitung haben die Russen angegriffen, sind an 3 Stellen in unseren Graben gekommen, aber sofort wieder rausgeworfen worden..."
"...Vorbereitung zum Sturm gegen die feindliche Stellung...""The celebrated birthday started with my rude awakening at 4 in the morning, to be brought to one of the wounded", Tor writes. "I was immediately annoyed by several things all at once, including the fact that the ambulance could not be driven due to the Russian captive balloon and so the wounded man thus had to be carried for several kilometers. On the way back to my dugout I had to figure out that I was now 27 years old, as you had not mentioned it in your letters."
[Captive balloons were used for observation purposes and to direct the fire of the guns].
Tor continues, "Straight after breakfast, somebody dug out a Russian hand grenade detonator from somewhere and decided to try it out, whereby he lost 3 fingers and injured several of his comrades. At midday I took a brisk walk to our sickbay, which is 5 km back in the forest, and ended up in a heavy thunderstorm. Tired, I lay down for a bit of peace and was wrenched from the first slumber by another wounded man. I didn't notice that my birthday was over until I stopped work; I lay down again, but not without noticing how lively the infantry fire was, it sounded like a battle. But I wasn't disturbed any more and thus started my new year in a very pleasant manner. It's now been raining again for several days; which means that the firing has cooled down a bit. However, as soon as proper weather returns, there'll be firing all day long, so that wounded will arrive regularly".
He concludes, "At the moment, my life is quite pleasant; a new dugout is being built for me - spacious and shellproof. There's very little to do, I've almost given up my medical activity. Signing a few things is the most strenuous part of my work. But in the interest of the troops, I wish that it will not become more".
"Gleich nach dem Frühstück hat dann einer einen russischen Handgranatzünder irgendwo ausgegraben und probiert, wobei er 3 Finger verlor und mehrere Kameraden schädigte. Mittags machte ich einen strammen Marsch zu unseren Krankenstuben, die 5 km zurück im Wald liegen, und kam in ein ebenso strammes Gewitter. Müde legte ich mich zur Ruhe wieder und wurde noch vor 12 Uhr wieder durch einen Verwundeten aus dem ersten Schlummer gerissen. Bei der Arbeit merkte ich gar nicht, dass mein Geburtstag zu Ende gegangen war; ich legte mich also wieder nieder, nicht ohne mich vorher gewundert zu haben, wie lebhaft das Infanteriefeuer sei, dass sich wie ein Gefecht anhörte. Aber ich wurde nicht mehr gestört und habe also das neue Jahr ganz angenehm angefangen. Jetzt regnet's schon wieder verschiedene Tage; die Feuertätigkeit hat daher etwas nach gelassen. Sowie aber richtiges Wetter kommt, ist den ganzen Tag ein Geknalle, dass es fast regelmässig Verwundete gibt".
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"...nach 5-tägiger Artillerievorbereitung haben die Russen angegriffen, sind an 3 Stellen in unseren Graben gekommen, aber sofort wieder rausgeworfen worden..."
The relative calm at the Front described by Tor in his letter of July 1, 1916 changed completely the next day. The July battle at Lake Naroch, which took place between July 2 and 7, 1916 required supreme effort by the batallion's doctors and Tor, together with his two colleagues, was highly praised in the regimental history of the RIR 249.
Extract from the regimental history, source: Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment 249, A. Reiss/E.Fitzer, Mannheim 1938, Page 151; thanks to Jürgen Walczak of Kiel for providing this:
"The troops battled magnificently, in particular passing the major nerve-wracking test of several days of barrage fire with flying colors, thus qualifying for a later deployment at the Western Front. In no phase of the battle did the leadership or the troops fail. Where the Russians were still able to occasionally set foot in the German field, they were immediately counter-attacked and repelled. The batallion's doctors Dr. Haas, Dr. Kiefer and Dr. Höft are to be highly commended for their care of the wounded, working their way under the heaviest barrage fire to the front line of battle, performing their difficult duties through three days and three nights without interruption, bringing medical help to the wounded".
Tor reports, in his letter of July 8, 1916: "After 5 days of artillery preparation, the Russians attacked, and reached 3 positions in our trench, but were immediately thrown out again. If the position wasn't constructed so well, nobody would have been able to last in it. Our losses have been relatively low. I spoke just now by telephone with Braun from Herrenwies (as I'm in the IIIrd batallion, I don't meet him any more). He is well; he was in a tunnel in the right wing of his company while the Russians infiltrated the left wing. The party ended in pouring rain, so that the trenches, which have been shot to bits anyway, resemble a lake more than anything else. I only always feel sorry for the poor chaps; working through the night, no opportunity to dry their clothes, soaked to the skin. On top of that artillery, mines and machine gun fire. Thank God the sun is shining again today. The division gifted the regiment 1500 bottles of red wine and of course the mood is good".
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"Nach 5-tägiger Artillerievorbereitung haben die Russen angegriffen, sind an 3 Stellen in unseren Graben gekommen, aber sofort wieder rausgeworfen worden. Wenn die Stellung nicht so gut ausgebaut wäre, hätte es niemand drin ausgehalten. Unsere Verluste sind relativ gering. Vorhin sprach ich telephonisch mit Braun aus Herrenwies (da ich beim III. Bat. bin, komme ich nicht mehr zu ihm). Es geht ihm gut; er hat in einem Stollen im rechten Flügel seiner Kompanie gehaust während am linken die Russen eingedrungen sind. Das Fest schloss mit einem strömenden Regen, so dass die ohnehin völlig zerschossenen Gräben eher einem See als sonst etwas glichen. Ich bedauere nur immer die armen Kerle; nachts arbeiten, keine Möglichkeit, Kleider zu trocknen, bis auf die Haut nass. Dazu Artillerie, Minen und Maschinengewehrfeuer. Heute ist Gott sei Dank wieder Sonnenschein. Die Division schenkte dem Regiment 1500 Flaschen Rotwein und die Stimmung ist natürlich gut".
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Extract from the regimental history, source: Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment 249, A. Reiss/E.Fitzer, Mannheim 1938, Page 151; thanks to Jürgen Walczak of Kiel for providing this:
"The troops battled magnificently, in particular passing the major nerve-wracking test of several days of barrage fire with flying colors, thus qualifying for a later deployment at the Western Front. In no phase of the battle did the leadership or the troops fail. Where the Russians were still able to occasionally set foot in the German field, they were immediately counter-attacked and repelled. The batallion's doctors Dr. Haas, Dr. Kiefer and Dr. Höft are to be highly commended for their care of the wounded, working their way under the heaviest barrage fire to the front line of battle, performing their difficult duties through three days and three nights without interruption, bringing medical help to the wounded".
Tor reports, in his letter of July 8, 1916: "After 5 days of artillery preparation, the Russians attacked, and reached 3 positions in our trench, but were immediately thrown out again. If the position wasn't constructed so well, nobody would have been able to last in it. Our losses have been relatively low. I spoke just now by telephone with Braun from Herrenwies (as I'm in the IIIrd batallion, I don't meet him any more). He is well; he was in a tunnel in the right wing of his company while the Russians infiltrated the left wing. The party ended in pouring rain, so that the trenches, which have been shot to bits anyway, resemble a lake more than anything else. I only always feel sorry for the poor chaps; working through the night, no opportunity to dry their clothes, soaked to the skin. On top of that artillery, mines and machine gun fire. Thank God the sun is shining again today. The division gifted the regiment 1500 bottles of red wine and of course the mood is good".
In a letter started on July 12, 1915 at the Eastern Front, Tor Kiefer tells his family about his battalion's preparations for the charge against the enemy position.
The charge to which he is referring is the storming of the Lipniki fortifications on July 13, 1915, the next day.
"The artillery battle has been raging around the forest hilltop position since 4 o'clock this morning in preparation for the charge against the enemy", Tor writes. "Guns have been moved in total silence, guns of all calibres up to 21 cm. Down there in the valley basin there are 8 trench mortars; the fire is completely focussed on the Russian ridge. I'm lying in my old dugout, I'm all set and prepared for all eventualities. We are in a very fortunate position, the woodland hills with bushes and small pines stretch on for a long way and make searching and observation difficult for the enemy artillery".
"Meine Lieben, seit heute morgen 4 Uhr tobt um die Waldhügelstellung der Artilleriekampf als Vorbereitung zum Sturm gegen die feindliche Stellung. In aller Stille wurden Geschütze angefahren, Geschütze alle Kaliber bis zu 21 cm. Vorne in der Talsenke stehen 8 Minenhunde; alles konzentriert das Feuer auf die russisiche Kammhöhe. Ich liege in meinem alten Bergunterstand, bin eingerichtet und auf alle Eventualitäten gefasst. Wir haben eine sehr glückliche Stellung, die mit Kusseln und kleine Föhren bewaldeten Höhen ziehen sich lang hin und erschweren der feindliche Artillerie das absuchen und beobachten".
After the charge, Tor has no news, so he goes down to the first trench. It is empty - nobody in the company headquarter dugout or in the telephone dugout. Orderlies are walking down the fields along the hill, so he goes down to them and asks what is happening. He learns that the Russian position has apparently been captured. One of the orderlies is supporting a wounded soldier, who is brought to Tor's lazaret. The soldier has a dangerous wound to an artery on the upper arm. The orderlies buried the soldier's coat, but his wallet was inside, containing photos of his children. The coat is dug up again and the wounded soldier shows Tor a photo of his 3 children. Two Russian soldiers who have been captured are put to work as orderlies - they are happy to be alive, writes Tor. Just a few more wounded, Tor says, then our work is over.
"Ich halte es nicht mehr aus und gehe vor in die Stellung. Aber sie ist verlassen. Weder im Telefon- noch Kompagnieführerunterstand ein Mensch. Da gehen abwärts auf der Wiese den Hügel entlang Krankenträger. Ich gehe hinunter und frage sie hinaus. Die Stellung ist genommen. Die Russen haben sich zwar zäh gewehrt. Ein Sanitäter hat einen Verwundeten im Arm, der nicht mehr weiter kann. Er wird in meinem (Lazarett)Unterstand geführt. Gefährliche Blutung der Oberarmader. (Er ist durch rechtzeitiges Eingriffen am Leben erhalten worden. Der Krankenträger habe seinen durchbluteten Rock eingegraben, und da war seine Brieftasche noch drin. Die Fetzen wurden ans Tagelicht geholt. Der Verwundete zeigte weinend die Fotographie seiner 3 Kinder). Ein anderer Sanitäter führte eine Notbahre, die von 2 Russen getragen wurde, gesunde pausbackigen Kerls, die froh waren, lebendig davongekommen zu sein. Der Mann auf der Bahre hatte einen Lungenschuss. Nachdem er verbunden, wurde er von den Russen ins Dorf getragen. Sie müssen noch einen holen, die 2 Kerls, es ist ein schweres aber gesundes Geschäft und für den Sanitäter ein Hochgefühl. Noch ein paar Verwundete, dann geht die Arbeit aus".
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"...Die Einnahme des Sperrforts bei Verdun haben uns wieder Arbeit gebracht..."
Shortly after the outbreak of war at the end of September 1914, Tor is still working at the Red Cross close to the French border in Germany. He writes his family that the capture of the fortress at Verdun has brought an enormous amount of work for the staff of the lazaret. "The day before yesterday", Tor writes, "1200 prisoners were brought in and treated here, then another 200; today a further 500. In between, several trains carrying wounded soldiers arrived, for which we provided support".
Usually, we do not think of the staff in the lazaret treating "enemy" soldiers, as they would have their hands full with their own wounded. But of course, in the lazarets the prisoners also had to be cared for. And the sheer volume of prisoners that were taken is likewise astounding.
Usually, we do not think of the staff in the lazaret treating "enemy" soldiers, as they would have their hands full with their own wounded. But of course, in the lazarets the prisoners also had to be cared for. And the sheer volume of prisoners that were taken is likewise astounding.
"Yesterday", Tor continues, "I observed terrible burns on the faces and hands of the French soldiers, which must have been the effects of the heavy German artillery shells. By chance, I had burn ointment in my dispensary and was able to alleviate their pain a little".
This type of warfare was new and many of the wounds and injuries were being observed for the first time.
"We have a lot we can use, as in the wounded trains, the soldiers are lying in goods wagons on straw without doctors or care, in contrast to the lazaret trains, which are wonderfully furnished, so that we can provide what is needed with certain comforts, bedpans, bandages and drops. Generally, everything works and I've settled in very well. Tomorrow I will appear in uniform, but I will have a Litweka made, to protect my jacket".
The Litewka was a smart, double-breasted uniform jacket that was still used in the Prussian army in World War I.
"Today, I will ride out with the exercise of the heavy artillery (cover division), the Staff Sergeant promised to take me again. It was very tame, even the various trots didn't scare me off".
"Die Einnahme des Sperrforts bei Verdun haben uns wieder Arbeit gebracht. Vorgestern kamen 1200 Gefangene die hier verpflegt wurden, dann wieder 200; heute 500. Dazwischen viele Verwundetenzüge zu denen wir das Begleitpersonal stellten. Gestern fielen mir zum erstenmal bei den Franzosen furchtbare Brandwunden auf, die sie an Gesicht und Händen hatten und die Geschosswirkung der deutschen schweren Artillerie sein sollen. Ich hatte zufällig Brandsable in meiner Apotheke und konnte ihre Schmerzen ein wenig lindern. Wir können glaub ich überhaupt manches nutzen denn in den Verwundetenzügen liegen die Soldaten in Güterwagen auf Stroh ohne Arzt und Pflege, im Gegensatz zu den sogenannten Lazarettzügen, die wunderbar eingerichtet sind, so dass wir mit Liebesgaben, Bettschüsseln, Verbänden und Tropfen manchem erwünscht kommen. Es klappt auch im allgemeinen alles und ich habe mich ganz schön eingelebt. Morgen werde ich in Uniform erscheinen, werde mir aber gleich noch eine Litewka machen lassen müssen, um meinen Rock zu schonen. Heute reite ich die Übung der schweren Artillerie (Bespannungsabteilung) mit, der Feldwebel hat mir versprochen, mich weiterhin mitzunehmen. Es war sehr zahm, auch die verschiedenen Trabe waren nicht instande, mich zu entsetzen".
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"...Wir haben zwei Gefechte hinter uns, die alles Erlebte in den Schatten stellen..."
In his letter of July 19, 1915, Tor tells Felix that their friend Lenz is missing. Tor's batallion is on the advance towards the Narew line, and they have two battles behind them which overshadow everything they have experienced up to this point, Tor says.
"Otherwise", he continues, "the war in the East is in general less atrocious than in the West, as the Russians have less artillery. Our troops have fought brilliantly, absolutely heroically. Lenz has gone missing. He was with the first group of his company in the Russian trench. It might be that he was captured after that, or that he dug himself in behind the barbed wire, like some of the others did, and when it was light he couldn't get back, or maybe he was captured or shot. I haven't been able to find out any more details. He was about to become an Unteroffizier. I liked him very much".
Friedrich Wilhelm Lenz, 1891 - 1915, RIR 249 fell at the Eastern Front following the charge on the Russian trench
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"...Wir denken gar nicht daran, dass der Krief zu Ende gehen könnte..."
In Tor Kiefer's letter of October 24, 1915, he describes how the post doesn't always work and they sometimes have to wait weeks for letters. The battalion is now in safety in a village just behind the Front, where they are building shelters and finding food, 120 km from Wilna. They have to provide vaccinations, build latrines, set up the station, delouse the men, all work that robs them of time, Tor says. But it's not as bad as it was, he adds.
The soldiers are sleeping in warm beds that they have made themselves, relatively free of pests. The water is clear and they don't need to sieve it before drinking.
"We simply don't think that the war might end", says Tor "We've prepared ourselves to stay over the winter and are considering the question of lighting. We have had ice and frost since the 10th".
This type of warfare was new and many of the wounds and injuries were being observed for the first time.
"We have a lot we can use, as in the wounded trains, the soldiers are lying in goods wagons on straw without doctors or care, in contrast to the lazaret trains, which are wonderfully furnished, so that we can provide what is needed with certain comforts, bedpans, bandages and drops. Generally, everything works and I've settled in very well. Tomorrow I will appear in uniform, but I will have a Litweka made, to protect my jacket".
The Litewka was a smart, double-breasted uniform jacket that was still used in the Prussian army in World War I.
"Today, I will ride out with the exercise of the heavy artillery (cover division), the Staff Sergeant promised to take me again. It was very tame, even the various trots didn't scare me off".
"Die Einnahme des Sperrforts bei Verdun haben uns wieder Arbeit gebracht. Vorgestern kamen 1200 Gefangene die hier verpflegt wurden, dann wieder 200; heute 500. Dazwischen viele Verwundetenzüge zu denen wir das Begleitpersonal stellten. Gestern fielen mir zum erstenmal bei den Franzosen furchtbare Brandwunden auf, die sie an Gesicht und Händen hatten und die Geschosswirkung der deutschen schweren Artillerie sein sollen. Ich hatte zufällig Brandsable in meiner Apotheke und konnte ihre Schmerzen ein wenig lindern. Wir können glaub ich überhaupt manches nutzen denn in den Verwundetenzügen liegen die Soldaten in Güterwagen auf Stroh ohne Arzt und Pflege, im Gegensatz zu den sogenannten Lazarettzügen, die wunderbar eingerichtet sind, so dass wir mit Liebesgaben, Bettschüsseln, Verbänden und Tropfen manchem erwünscht kommen. Es klappt auch im allgemeinen alles und ich habe mich ganz schön eingelebt. Morgen werde ich in Uniform erscheinen, werde mir aber gleich noch eine Litewka machen lassen müssen, um meinen Rock zu schonen. Heute reite ich die Übung der schweren Artillerie (Bespannungsabteilung) mit, der Feldwebel hat mir versprochen, mich weiterhin mitzunehmen. Es war sehr zahm, auch die verschiedenen Trabe waren nicht instande, mich zu entsetzen".
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"...Wir haben zwei Gefechte hinter uns, die alles Erlebte in den Schatten stellen..."
In his letter of July 19, 1915, Tor tells Felix that their friend Lenz is missing. Tor's batallion is on the advance towards the Narew line, and they have two battles behind them which overshadow everything they have experienced up to this point, Tor says.
Friedrich Wilhelm Lenz, 1891 - 1915, RIR 249 fell at the Eastern Front following the charge on the Russian trench
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"...Wir denken gar nicht daran, dass der Krief zu Ende gehen könnte..."
In Tor Kiefer's letter of October 24, 1915, he describes how the post doesn't always work and they sometimes have to wait weeks for letters. The battalion is now in safety in a village just behind the Front, where they are building shelters and finding food, 120 km from Wilna. They have to provide vaccinations, build latrines, set up the station, delouse the men, all work that robs them of time, Tor says. But it's not as bad as it was, he adds.
The soldiers are sleeping in warm beds that they have made themselves, relatively free of pests. The water is clear and they don't need to sieve it before drinking.
"We simply don't think that the war might end", says Tor "We've prepared ourselves to stay over the winter and are considering the question of lighting. We have had ice and frost since the 10th".
"Wir sind nun 120 km von Wilna entfernt. Seid nun nicht gleich in Sorge, wenn einmal ein paar Tage nichts kommt, wir haben auch view Wochen nichts bekommen, und bei Regimentsstab ist es leichter, Briefe zu schreiben auch während eines Vormarsches wie wir ihn hinter uns haben. Jetzt sind wir in Lebensversicherung in einem Dorf hinter der Front. Das Bataillon baut Unterstände, macht Kartoffeln aus, usw. Wir mussten impfen, Latrinen bauen, Revier einrichten, entlausen, alles zeitraubende Arbeiten. Aber es ist nicht mehr so beschissen wir bevor.
Wir schlafen in selbstgezimmerten Betten, relativ ungezifferfrei, absolut warm. Toilette auch möglich. Das Wasser ist klar, muss vor Gebrauch nicht durchsiebt werden. Wir denken gar nicht dran, dass der Krieg zu Ende gehen könnte, richten uns ein, besinnen uns auf Wintervergnügung, erwähigen die Beleuchtungsfrage und alles. Eis haben wir schon seit dem 10., d. h. leichter Frost".
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